The law in Nigeria governing the Nigerian Police Force, the police Act, predates independence and entered into force as law in 1943. The law specifically prescribes the organisation, discipline, powers and duties of the police. The Nigeria Police Force has a wide range of powers conferred by laws, such as The Police Act, which have been abused by certain officers of the force thus leading to the general distrust among the public. More often of the police practice is the arrest of the relatives of suspects, where the suspects are not found. The rate at which this is done is much higher than the figure the police respondents conceded. The powers conferred on the Nigerian Police are vast and wide but none of these powers by any stretch of argument means that the police can carry out its function without recourse to the tenets of the law. (underlining ours for emphasis). The powers of the Police are succinctly provided in section 4 of the Police Act. For the purpose of emphasis, the section provides as follow: “The police shall be employed for the prevention and detention of crime, the apprehension of offenders, the preservation of law and order, the protection of life and property and the due enforcement of all laws and regulations with which they are directly charged, and shall perform such military duties within or outside Nigeria as may be required of them by, or under the authority of this or any other Act.” Accordingly, the law enforcement agencies, especially the police are obliged to protect and respect the rights of Nigerians. Such observance becomes more compelling, not only because Nigeria has embraced a democratic system of government, but also because issues of human rights have gone beyond the mere concerns of national sovereignty and become matters for protection and enforcement by the international community.  To this extent, the Nigeria police will have to contend with the need for meticulous observance of human rights in the performance of its crime prevention and criminal justice duties. We submit respectfully that: The police do not have the right to arrest you for an offence committed by another person no matter your relationship with that person. Stories abound of family members of suspected offenders being detained by the police when they are unable to find the suspect. You cannot be held accountable for the crimes committed by another person.  The above submission has been given statutory flavour in Section 7 of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 and other similar state laws in Nigeria. Most Nigerians have erroneously made their lives so vulnerable to all sorts that some corrupt policemen capitalize on their ignorance to unleash terror on them. The powers conferred on the police by the law are meant to protect the citizens and not to bully them. This is one of the services we pay taxes for. On the need for the police to be cautious while exercising its power to make arrests, the supreme court in DOKUBO ASARI V. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA (2007)12 NWLR (PT.1048) 320 held that: “The powers of arrest of suspected offenders is vested in the police and no one can take that away from them. This general powers invested in the police to arrest and detain suspected criminals is statutory. Section 4 of the Police Act Cap 339, LFN, 1990 provides thus:- “The police shall be employed for the prevention and detection of crime, the apprehension of offenders, the preservation of law and order, the protection of life and property and the due enforcement of all laws and regulations with which they are directly charged…” Section 29 of the Police Act specifically empower the Police to arrest and detain suspected persons whom the police reasonably suspect to have stolen item in his possession. Decisions such as Alameyesisegha Vs. Igoloiwari (2007) 7 NWLR (Pt. ) 524;  Shola Abu Vs. COP CHR 18, all go to confirm the powers of arrest and detention vested in the Police.?However in the exercise of those powers of arrest and detention, the Police need to be cautious in their approach given the provision of Section 35 (1) (c) of the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended). The Section provides that: “35 (1) Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of such liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure permitted by law- (a) … (b) … (c) for the purpose of bringing him before a Court in execution of the order of a Court or upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed a criminal offence, or a such extent as may be reasonably necessary to prevent his committing a criminal offence; (d) ……… (e) ……… (f) ……… The personal liberty of the citizen is guaranteed under Section 35 (1) the Constitution and same is held as sacrosanct like every other right enshrined in Chapter iv of the Constitution. These rights are sacred and inalienable and that is why they are fundamental, the violation of which should be viewed as sacrilegious save in the manner the Constitution has recognized. In other words, the right to personal liberty and indeed all other rights enshrined under part IV of the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) is not absolute. (It admits of some exceptions.) Circumstances under which a person can be lawfully arrested and detained” Unarguably, an arrest will be recognized as lawful only if it was made upon reasonable suspicion that the “person” whose arrest was made has committed a criminal offence or to such extent as may be reasonably necessary to prevent his committing a criminal offence. Hence, the person to be arrested must have committed an offence known to law and not committed by his relatives or friends (the underlining ours for emphasis). In any case, where the use of Police power is improperly deployed, the Court will not hesitate to declare any such wrongful action of the Police null and void if it is discovered that there had been an improper use of Police power under the guise of the so-called exercise of the power of investigation and prevention of crimes. Consequently, in JOHN FALADE v. ATTN-GEN. LAGOS STATE (1980) 2 NCLR 771, it was held that the Court is always prepared and will be quick to give relief against any improper use of power of the Police. Similarly, in the case of IGWEOKOLO v. AKPOYIBO & ORS (2017) LPELR-41882(CA), it was held thus: “By all odds, the Police has the statutory power to investigate, arrest, interrogate, search and detain any suspect: ONAH vs. OKENWA (supra) at 536 and Section 4 of the Police Act. The only qualification is that the power must be exercised in accordance with the law.” From the foregoing, it is submitted that whether or not the police are charged with the responsibility to arrest anyone they reasonably suspect is not in issue. What is of paramount importance is that such responsibility must be carried out having regards to the law. Therefore, where the arrest is carried out in total disregards of the law and in violation of the rights of the person arrested, the court will declare such arrest illegal and void. The Court of Appeal in SUNDAY ODOGWU v. THE STATE (2013) LPELR-22039(CA) made the point succinctly when it was held that: It is beyond doubt that an accused person cannot be held responsible for an act he did not commit.See: Mobil Production (Nig.) Unlimited vs. Umenweke & Ors. (2002) 9 NWLR (pt. 773) 543 @ 561. It is submitted with respect that where the police attempts to arrest a person for an offence committed by the relative of such person, it will appear that the police are merely adumbrating the principles of agency and vicarious liability, which in criminal proceedings do not avail it. Criminal liability or responsibility operates on mens rea. criminal liability or responsibility is therefore personal, and not vicarious. We commend the Court of Appeal decision in the case of ACB V. OKONKWO (1997)1 NWLR (PT. 480) 194 where it was held that: “there is no law that says that the sin of son be visited on the mother simply because of that relationship. To do that without reason will be inimical to justice. In the instant case, it  was undoubtedly an invasion of the 1st respondent’s right for the appellant to cause her property to be detained when it was not shown that she was involved in the alleged crime committed by her son who was an employee of the appellant.” Per TOBI JCA at  pages 207-208, paras. H-B further remarked “I know of no law which authorizes the police to arrest a mother for an offence committed or purportedly committed by the son. Criminal responsibility is personal and cannot be transferred. While I am aware of cases of vicarious liability in criminal law, the instant case is certainly not one. A police officer who arrests ‘A’ for the offence committed by ‘B’ should realize that he has acted against the law. Such a police officer should, in addition to liability in civil action, be punished by the police Authority. As a matter of fact, it bothers us so much for the police operating the law of arrest after three decades of Nigeria’s independence to arrest and detain innocent citizens of this country for innocent offences committed by their relations. That is a most uncivilized conduct and one that any person with a democratic mind should thoroughly detest and condemn.  I detest and condemn the uncouth practice.” It is submitted that criminal responsibility is personal. It cannot be transferred. This is because the mens rea or actus reus is in respect of the accused in court and not any other person not charged. There is no law which says that because the person who commits an offence is not found or is unable to be arrested, the relative of such suspect should be arrested on that ground. (See the case of AKPA V. STATE (2008)14 NWLR (PT. 1106) 72. The law is trite that no one shall be held responsible for an act which he did not do or cause to be done. Also, no one shall be punished for any offence or an act which he did not commit or cause to be committed. It is the writer’s humble submission on this paper that the police and other law enforcement agencies should desist from arresting relatives/friends of a suspect they reasonably suspect to have committed an offence as such conduct is in clear violation of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 and a total disregard to equity, justice and fair play in any democratic society. Ugiagbe Osasere Kelvin Esq. is a legal practitioner and writes from Abuja He could be reached via Ugiagbekel12@gmail.com or 08156906764]]>

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