Entrepreneurial Education As A Tool For Sustainable Employment By Prof. Abiodun Amuda-Kannike, SAN

Entrepreneurial Education As A Tool For Sustainable Employment: A PAPER PRESENTED By Prof. Abiodun Amuda-Kannike, SAN, FCArb, FCIAP, FCEN At The Launching Of The Book; On Entrepreneurship Education & Business Start-Up Guide: Held At Prestige Galaxy Hall, Asekko, Along Ikpokia Road, Idi-Iroko, Ogun State Of Nigeria, On Saturday, 16th Day Of November, 2019
Presenter’s Email address: amudakannikeabiodun@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
This work emphasis the need and essence of entrepreneurial education which serves as a panacea for sustainable employment. Whether we like it or not, one cannot deny the fact that for sustainable employment of every nation, the knowledge of entrepreneurship by way of education must be the main focus of the economic planners and the educationists. Education as at today has and is tilting towards entrepreneurship and the main focus is to reduce the rate of unemployment.

It is therefore important that in our desire to deal with the above topic as expected, the definition of the following terms becomes desirable to meet up with the appreciable understanding of the work;
i. Entrepreneurship
ii. Entrepreneurial education
iii. Tool
iv. Sustainable
v. Employment
The above terms in defining them, shall be taken seriatim and in discussing the said terms by way of definition, the link between the said terms, the work and the objectives set out for the purpose, will not only be clearer but shall be of immense benefit to the society especially Nigeria.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship can be said to be the introduction of new economic activity or activities, which ultimately will result into a change, in the market or marketing activities.
Entrepreneurship is not only about innovations, because it involves, the ability to create products, and services within a particular business model which at the same time will correlate with inhent financial risks associated with the success or failure of an enterprise.
With all due respect to several writers, authors, scholars of entrepreneurship, it must be understood that the first definition of entrepreneurship is that it has no unifying definition as it is a relative concept. Just as it is for law, there is no one single acceptable definition of entrepreneurship. The attempt to define entrepreneurship which can be accepted universally, has not been successful up till now . Now, as a result of the interest of most people on entrepreneurship arose the issue of its definition being given becomes controversial and varies but there are certain basic traits of a successful entrepreneurship which are as follows;
(i) Forward looking
(ii) Hardworking
(iii) Passionate
(iv) Opinionated
(v) Confidence
(vi) Resourcefulness
(vii) Positiveness
(viii) Creatitiveness

ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION
Entrepreneurial education is the type of education that is necessary for the entrepreneur for his or her successes in entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship education has been defined as the type of education which seeks to provide students with the knowledge, skills and motivation to encourage entrepreneurial success in a variety of settings. Variation of entrepreneurial education are offered at all levels of schooling from primary or secondary schools/ tertiary institutions
Entrepreneurial education has also been defined as a collection of formalized teachings that informs, trains and educates anyone interested in participating in socio-economic development through a project to promote entrepreneurship awareness, business creation, or small business development

TOOL
A tool is defined as a devise or implement specially one held in the hand used to carry out a particular function. It also refers to a distinct design in the tooling of a book.
A tool has also been defined as an object used to extend the ability of an individual to modify features
For the purpose of entrepreneurship, in this regard, a tool therefore means, the devise, either through education, support, direction and all other instructions for a businessman or an entrepreneur especially to succeed in creating a better marketing, trade and other business related innovations to improve upon the said activities. Any method, support, education and direction towards the success of entrepreneurship is a “tool” for entrepreneurship.

SUSTAINABLE
The word “sustainable” connote, being able to maintain someone or something or a particular place at certain rate or level. For example, “sustainable economic growth”
Sustainable has also been described as something that is capable of being sustained. It means something that can be continued or a practice that maintains a condition without harming the environment or a particular situation. Sustainability has most often been described as meeting the needs of the present without actually compromising the ability of the future generations to meet theirs. Sustain ability accordingly has tree (3) pillars which are;
(i) Economic pillar (investment and growth)
(ii) Environment pillar (reduction of carbon footprints, packaging waste, water usage)
(iii) Social pillar (Approval of employees, stake-holders and the community)

EMPLOYMENT
Employment connote a relationship existing between two or more parties, usually based on a contract where work or services are paid for, and one or more of the parties may be, a corporation, for profit, or not for profit, organization, co-operative or other entity. It could also be referred to as a relationship between an employee and an employer, where there exist a legal relationship between the two and the employee work for a payment of money.
Employment has also been referred to as an act or instance of employing someone, or the state of being employed, or an occupation by which a person earns a living in a place of work, or business environment, or the total number of the people who are gainfully employed or working or an activity or the like which occupies a persons time.
The legal definition of employment means a form of contract whereby one person who is referred to as “employee” agrees to perform work for another person or entity, who is referred to as “employer”. The Blacks law Dictionary defines also an employee as an individual who was hired by an employer to do a particular job. The terms of the employment are specified by an offer letter, an employment contract or verbally. The Nigerian law also talks about employment.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The ideal situation is that entrepreneurial education ought to be the perfect tool for sustainable employment.
The current situation is that entrepreneurial education is not yet the perfect tool for sustainable employment.
The measures put in place over time to solve this problem includes; building up entrepreneurship as compulsory course in the tertiary institutions, enlightenment campaign about entrepreneurship, production of textbooks on entrepreneurship, articles were published on entrepreneurship.
The persistent problem with regards to entrepreneurial education is lack of the availability of the course as compulsory course from primary school to secondary school and other vocational institutions, lack of enough sponsorship from government and private individuals/ private institutions.
The effect of this problem has been lack of adequate employment. Lack of creativity in employment, lack of consistency in employment, loss of employment and winding up or collapse of several business outfits.
The reason for this work is to be able to develop entrepreneurial education in such a way that it will serve as a tool for sustainable employment.
The gap in knowledge of entrepreneurial education as a tool for sustainable employment can be seen in the fact that although people have written articles and books on entrepreneurship but non had been able to look at this topic holistically and critically as it has been done in this work as heavy research has to be conducted in order to achieve the desired purpose of enlightenment. Using this method will make significant difference from the methods other researchers, scholars, text writers and other entrepreneurs have used.
In conclusion on the statement of the problem in this work we hereby state that, it is because of the problems highlighted above and the need to proffer solutions to then that we have decided to embark on this work, as same will give a road map as to how entrepreneurial education will serve or should serve as a tool for sustainable employment.

ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ANALYSED
In giving analysis about entrepreneurial education, it is important to go down historical lane in order to appreciate the beginning, the middle course, and the present situation about entrepreneurial education.

It should be noted that the necessity for entrepreneurial education actually commenced about the mid 80’s since as at this time, the situation within the country Nigeria was inconsistencies in the socio-economic policies of the successive government, and political instability, culminating into high level of unemployment in the country. The economy in the mid 80’s can be said to have collapsed, unemployment was unprecedented in ratio, while the effect on graduate and youth unemployment became the order of the day. The problem among several problems was traced to irrelevant education which over depended on white-collar jobs, theoretical jobs and unemployable educational certificate.

As a result of the above circumstance, a changing trend in education becomes inevitable which has to do with educating individuals to understand and develop his important entrepreneurial skills, behaviours and attributes. This ultimately led to entrepreneurial skills such as innovativeness, creativity, quick decision making and taking of risks relevant to those willing and ready to start their own business.

As could be seen entrepreneurial education dwell more on youth education vis-à-vis, the necessity and multiple competencies of individuals. There is also the decrease in the attendant risk associated with entrepreneurship activities commencing from the beginning phase of entrepreneurship to the phase of maturity. This analysis was confirmed by the prolific authors/writers such as Dosterbeek, Van Praag and Ijsselen, as non of them disputed the above analysis.

It has been contended that entrepreneurship education is made with the pillars to connect and adopt proficiencies, attributes and values necessary for the purpose of recognizing the potential investment opportunities, structure and for the purpose of commencing new business venture. This contention in our view, look reasonable and meet the essence of entrepreneurial education since proficiencies, good attributes and values are important pillars for the purpose of creativity.

There is the notion equally and we agree entirely with it that entrepreneurial education is a kind of educational programme which emphasis seriously on the impartation of knowledge on the pupils by focusing on most issues dealing with entrepreneurial education generally. It therefore connote that entrepreneurial education deals with how to motivate, mentor the youths including the Elders on how best they can maximize their thoughts on being self-reliant in thinking, creativeness and operation of business ventures.

THE MAJOR GOALS/OBJECTIVES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION
The major goals/objectives of entrepreneurial education are multi-dimensional in nature especially having realized that entrepreneurisl education must be fashioned in such a way as to realize the type of education including trainings which tends to empower, encourage sustainable employment through creativity and development capacities. It must be noted that entrepreneurship cut across all aspect of life in such a way that even the lawyers to be or even the lawyers themselves must be entrepreneurially driven if they must have sustainable employment.
Accordingly, the major goals/objectives of entrepreneurship education are as follows;
i. to offer functional education to the youths and adults which will enable them to be self-employed and self-reliant in their various endeavours.
ii. to provide adequate training to the populace especially the young graduates/apprentices in order to ensure there exist creativity and innovative ability in them giving them the superlative opportunity of identifying novel business opportunities which may be prevalent at every given time.
iii. to provide such type of education which will serve as a catalyst for the economic growth and development of the nation and most especially for the purpose of sustainable employment.
iv. to provide tertiary institution and graduates with adequate training in risks management as it relates to every business ventures.
v. to reduce high rate of poverty in the economy.
vi. to create employment opportunities
vii. to reduce the high rate of rural-urban migration
viii. to provide the young graduates with enough training and support which will open the opportunity of establishing small and medium size business/ventures.
ix. to provide the required spirit of perseverance/doggedness to the youths and adults in order to sustain the employment/business activities embarked upon.
x. to create a good and appropriate ground for the purpose of moving from traditional style of economy to the new and appropriate modernized economy.

ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYMENT
Sustainable employment has been defined as the extent to which workers are able and wiling to remain working now and in the future. It has also been said that a sustainable employment is that of type of new model of work place relationship with an ending mutually beneficial and purposeful working engagement between an employer and employee a flexible, adaptive relationship where both parties requirements are clearly known, defined, balanced and accommodated.
It is not far-fetched to say that after several years of independence from our colonial masters, the population continues to increase, the apprentice and school graduates continue to increase but employment opportunities continues to decline, mean while, the number of job-seekers especially school graduates continue to increase every year. This has created so many problems to the society in such a way that high level of insecurity, social vices, down ward trend of economic development occurred. The private job owners want skillful and creative personnels in their places of work as they already have enough administrative personnels and do not require surplus staffs who may not be useful for the economic survival of the business outfit including multi-nationals and which eventually, snow-balled, or culminated in the need for the establishment of self sufficient enterprises, thereby becoming employers of labour.
The problem to be tackled can also be seen in the fact that many individuals find it difficult to translate their business ideas to reality vis-à-vis the creation of new business enterprises as a result of lack of their laudable objective.

From the above, it is not difficult, to say, the reality requires, the schools curriculum especially these of tertiary education to change from the past idea of making graduates to be employable only for white-collar jobs, to creative and skillful employment via-a-vis creation of jobs (or being employers of labour) after graduation.
So many scholars, concluded that entrepreneurial education is the solution to nation building, most especially sustained employment through entrepreneurial education, the following sustainable impact can be felt on the level of employment and they are as follows;
i. Employment generation: this is because through entrepreneurial, education, a lot of employment were created for former job seekers who created jobs for themselves and for other job seekers like themselves.
ii. Facilitation of technological transfer adaptation: What this meant is that, suitable technological approaches are available and given to the entrepreneurs ultimately, the absorption of various categories of workers becomes in evitable whether they are skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, or unskilled workers.
iii. Improvement in productivity through innovation will create additional employment as more jobs will be available and the level of unemployment will decline drastically. Innovation is said to be a process where an entrepreneur converts the available opportunity at his disposal including ideas into desired solutions that are marketable thereby improving productions.
iv. The increase in the utilization of resources occurs in favour of the entrepreneurs educational knowledge. This is because in most developing countries, because of entrepreneurship, certain utilized resources which for several years have not been utilized are harnessed and now utilized for production and profits. This in turn will generate further sustainable employment.
v. Entrepreneurship education produced and still producing educated entrepreneurs and as a result of entrepreneurial activities both in large scale and small scale level of activities, there exist diversification of the economy and more jobs are being created.

CRITISMS AGAINST THE LEVEL OF ENTREPRENEURSIAL EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYMENT
Notwithstanding the various opportunities and advantage /positive impact associated with entrepreneurship education for sustainable employment, there are some bottle-necks associated with it which are as follows;
i. there are no genuine “school-to-work” based learning, incorporated into the courses of study. This has not enriched the curriculum by way of incorporating in more vocational and training skills in the Nigerian educational curriculum.
ii. The schools has not been utilized, as a mini-incubator enough to test-run the school based enterprises which will make the students to identify immediately their potential business plan, vis-à-vis the creation and operation of “micro or mini business ventures.
iii. The government has failed in the area of establishment of genuine small business school, where the sole aim of such institutions will be “entrepreneurship education”. This will enable some student to make up their mind that their intention is entrepreneurship and to be self reliant and job creators, rather that job seekers.
iv. There has been no internship programmes in the nation educational policies where “internship programme” of the students are merged with successful entrepreneurs which ought to be made compulsory
v. There exist the abandonment of most technical colleges, that were existing before in most states of federation before now, no establishment of commercial nor entrepreneurship colleges, most of the commercial colleges are no longer functioning.
vi. The government failed to give enough incentives to students who are in technical and vocational training centers and schools, this incentives, will have gone a long way to motivate the entrepreneurship to be involved in commencing entrepreneurship ventures whenever they complete their studies or apprenticeship.
A 2014 World Bank report, identified Entrepreneurship educational and training as a catalyst for innovation and job creation initiatives among university graduates where unemployment rate is high. World Economy Forum said teaching of entrepreneurship is the key to combating unemployment. The National University Commission introduced entrepreneurship development programmes also into academic curricula, in 2012, the skill Acquisition and Entrepreneurship Development (SAED) was established by the NYSC but available findings have shown that, there are no enough training facilitators, instructors, and Lecturers in our institutions, Lack of incentives and instructional materials are the order of the day. Entrepreneurship Education is not new as at 1947, Professor Emeritus, Myles L. Mace, taught the first entrepreneurship course at Harvard Business school (HBS) and same became popular in 1980s please take note because, we do not see any difference as such between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship education, we used the terms interchangeably to do this work.

SUMMARY
This topic as could be seen above is unique in the sense that the major idea behind entrepreneurial education is to create employment, set up creativeness, to bring about self-reliance and eradication of unemployment among others.
In this work, we have been able to define terms that are necessary for the purpose of appreciating this work notwithstanding the definition of entrepreneurship given. The terms defined includes;
i. Entrepreneurial Education
ii. tool
iii. sustainable
iv. employment
Furthermore, we critically assessed the concept of entrepreneurial education bringing into focus the advantages and challenges confronting the said educational system which has become necessary as at today, in order to eradicate unemployment.
We did a summary, recommendations and conclusion after looking at the contributions of this work to knowledge. The recommendations are far reaching and hopefully when implemented, will assist our nation to be economically developed, thereby eradicating unemployment by way of providing sustainable employment. The footnotes and bibliography will assist the readers, scholars, government and private citizens for further readings and research vis-avis the appreciation of this work.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. There should be establishment of genuine-school-to work based learning to be incorporated into the courses studied in our various institutions of learning and training centres.
2. The various schools should utilize a mini-incubator system should be adequate to test-run the “schools based enterprises”. This will identify the students immediately with their potential business plan vis-à-vis the creation and operation of “micro or mini” business ventures.
3. The government should establish genuine small scale business schools, where the sole aim should be entrepreneurial education.
4. There should be a policy of “internship” programme of the students to be merged with successful entrepreneurs which should be compulsory.
5. There should be re-establishment of technical colleges and commercial schools in all the states of the federation while the existing ones should be adequately funded.
6. There should be adequate incentives to students who are into technical and vocational training centres and schools, this will be a sort of motivation to commencing business ventures while loans and financial support should be also be made available to such students.
7. More entrepreneurial scholars, lecturers and facilitators should be employed in our schools and vocational centres, should be adequately motivated as well.

CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
This work took into cognizance the impact of entrepreneurial education on sustainable employment and the challenges. The entrepreneurial education go through lots of challenges in the quest of reducing unemployment in our society. This work therefore is an addition to already existing knowledge on entrepreneurship education. It touched on importance of entrepreneurial education to sustainable employment, the education policies, positives and negatives sides of entrepreneurial education and what is required to solve the problems.

CONCLUSION
There is no doubt that, entrepreneurial education had continued to be of strong awareness among scholars and entrepreneurs and its impact on sustainable employment. The effect of this important aspect of education will have been apparently visible especially in the developing nation if this aspect of education is given high priority in terms of supports and when same is made compulsory in all the institutions of learning whether vocational or not.
There is no need for a graduate to be roaming about the streets and offices to offices for jobs/employment. It is therefore our hope that with this little view of ours, entrepreneurial education, will sufficiently give rise to sustainable employment, as expected.
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. INTERNET MATERIALS
1. Jordan For Long; Entrepreneurship more than just innovations; see https://moneyinc.com; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 1am
2. The Concept of Entrepreneurship in pursuit of a universally acceptable definition; see; https://i.t-library.ku.ac.ke; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 1:14am
3. Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur; see: https://davidcummings.org; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 1:17am
4. Entrepreneurship education; see;
http://en.m.wikipedia.org; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 2am
5. Entrepreneurship education/training-UNESCO-UNEVOC. See; https://unevoc.unesco.org; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 2:15am
6. Tool definition; see https://www.collinsdictionary.com; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 2:30am
7. Tool; Definition of Tool at Dictionary.com; see http://en.m.wikipedia.org; Accessed internet on 1/11/2019 at 3am
8. Sustainable: see; https://www.merian-webster.com; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 3am
9. Sustainable: see; https://www.yourdictionary.com; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 3:30am
10. The 3 pillars of corporate sustainability; see https://www.investopedia.com; Accessed through the internet on 1/11/2019 at 4am
11. Employment; see https://en.m.wikipedia.org; Accessed through the internet on 2/11/2019 at 10am
12. Employment; see; https://www.dictionary.com; Accessed through the internet on 2/11/2019 at 12noon
13. Employment: see; www.duhaime.org; Legal Dictionary accessed through the internet on 3/11/2019 at 2am
14. Blackslaw Dictionary Definition; see; https://thelawdictionary.org; Accessed through the internet on 3/11/2019 at 3am
15. Brown .C. (2000); Entrepreneurship education teaching guide. Kansas City: Kaniffman Centre for entrepreneurial leadership clearing hales on Entrepreneurship Education. Accessed through the internet via https://www.researchgate.net; on 7/11/2019 at 8pm
16. Sustainable Employment: see: https://www.calmrint.info; Accessed through the internet on 8/11/2019 at 1a.m
17. Sustainable Employment: see: https://kentemplementlaw.com; Accessed through the internet on8/11/2019 at 1:15a.m
18. Entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment: see: https://iproject.com.ng; Accessed through the internet on 8/11/2019 at 3a.m
19. Olajide Olutuyi: promoting entrepreneurship education in Nigeria growth; see www.financialnigeria.com; Accessed through the internet on 9/11/2011
B. STATUTES
1. Section 7 of the Labour Act LFN 2004
2. Section 91. See also, Factories Act LFN 2004, Pensions Act LFN 2004, Trade Dispute Act LFN 2004, Trade Union Amendment Act LFN 2004, Employees Compensation Act LFN 2004
C. BOOKS/JOURNALS/PAPER PRESENTATIONS
1. Prof. .A. Amuda-Kannike, SAN; How relevant is Entrepreneurship to Law, good governance, democracy, reduction in social vices, illegality and insecurity. A paper presented at Covenant University on 3/8/2019
2. Entrepreneurship Education: An instrument for sustainable economic development in Nigeria; published in; the Online journal of quality in Higher Education April 2017 Vol. 4, Issue 2
3. Matley, H. (2008); The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes. Journal of small business and enterprise development 15 (2) pg 382-396
4. Dosterbeel .H., Van Praag .M. & Ijesselen A (2010); The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review 54 (3) pg 442-454
5. Rasheed H.S. & Rasheed .Y. (2003) Developing in Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and process published by Emerald Group publishing Ltd pg 201-277.
6. Paul .E.O (2005); Entrepreneurship Education in Event; Ezema Priscilla .N., Paul Elizabeth .O. Assoke Beatrice O., Goodness A.G. Okwuolise, Chilawe, A. Ebeli, Henri. U. Assrh(Eds) Entrepreneurship in vocational Education, Enugu: OXYBEL, Publisher.
7. Dr Ossa. A. G. & Nwalado E. N.; Entrepreneurship: A panacea for Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Journal of resourcefulness and distinction, volume 1 of April, 2012.
8. Omolayo, B (2006) Entrepreneurship in theory and practice in F. Omotosho, TKD ALUKO, O.I Wale Awe & Adaramola (eds); introduction to entrepreneurship development in Nigeria, Ado Ekiti, UMAD press.
9. Hassan O. M: (2013): Curbing the unemployment problem in Nigeria through entrepreneurial development. African journal of business management, 7(44), PP 4429 – 4444
10. Osano, H.M & Koine P.W. (2016) role of foreign direct investment on technology transfer and economic growth in Kenya; a case study of the energy sector Journal of innovation and Entrepreneurship 5(1), P.31
11. Ogedengbe F.A., Okhu. C.O, & Adekunle, S. A; Entrepreneurial Education for sustainable development; Nigerian journal of management sciences, 4 (1), pp 78 – 87